Makita Raku was born in 1888 in Kyoto, where her family ran a kimono shop. Gifted in mathematics from an early age, her teacher at the Kyoto Girlsâ Higher School recommended that she attend the Womenâs Higher Normal School in Tokyo, then the highest educational level possible for a girl, and convinced her reluctant father to let her go. She entered its science department in 1907, where she worked with the mathematician Hayashi Tsuruichi. Graduating in 1911, she went on to the graduate department, until 1913 when Tohoku Imperial University became the first university in Japan to open its doors to women (the university-level schools for women at that time did not bear the name). [Tohoku University made the decision all on its own, and received a notice from the Ministry of Education along the lines of âWho gave you permission to do any such thing,â which the president at the time, Sawayanagi Masataro, ignored.]
Encouraged by her teachers, Raku passed the entrance exam and, along with the chemists
Kuroda Chika and
Tange Ume, became one of the first women in Japan officially to attend a university. There, studying math with Hayashi, she âslept with a math textbook in [her] arms, and walked around the campus by day solving problems in [her] head, passing by people without even noticing them.â She loved it. Although some of the male students protested the âintrusionâ of women, and the new women students had been told ânot to make their male classmates aware of them as womenâ by the college president upon entrance, Raku remembered being on good terms with her classmates, who became like brothers to her. She published several research papers (including âThe squares in a regular polygonâ and âThe convex quadrilateral in which an infinite number of squares may be inscribed,â for readers who unlike me actually have a head for math), and upon her graduation in 1916 became, along with Kuroda Chika, the first woman Bachelor of Science in Japan. Interviewed at the time by a newspaper, she stated her intention to balance family life with research.
Raku went back to the Womenâs Higher Normal School to teach, until her marriage to the painter
Kanayama Heizo, five years older than she and like her from West Japan, in 1919. âIâve found that I can only do one thing at a time,â she told the media. âSchool and home at once are too much.â While giving up teaching, she indicated that she meant to continue with her own research, âsince you can do math at home.â In 1933 she published (under her married name) a âBibliography on the theory of linkagesâ containing 306 works, which was later cited by the Austrian mathematician Anton Mayer (and continues to appear in citations inside and outside Japan today): âIâve never been so happy,â Raku wrote to her husband, who was away sketching.
Although that was her last publication, she continued to attend high-level math lectures and read on her own time, while supporting Kanayamaâs work as a barely earning artist (his paintings were well regarded but didnât earn him a living; she sometimes joined him on sketching trips, as well as studying Japanese dance together). After his death in 1964, she spent her last years working to make sure his paintings were preserved and visible in museums. Asked if she regretted giving up her career, she said âI chose a path I enjoyed. My husbandâs work was fulfilling for me, and I have no regrets whatsoever.â She died in 1977 at the age of eighty-eight.
Sources
https://web.tohoku.ac.jp/manabi/past-innovation/makita/ (Japanese) Pictures of Raku in university and later with her husband